The last portion of Going Against the Grain describes how African Americans are responsible for laying the foundation of literacy for themselves. Before public schools the black church and other black community groups educated blacks. It astounding because before and during the civil war time blacks were not even considered to be equally capable of learning, however they ended up not only learning but also teaching.
1871 education for blacks become more available to a mass in Atlanta when the first public school opened. Some parents were excited about the opportunity to a free education; however wealthier black parents did not want their children going to a “southern designed system.” Spelman is mentioned as a prominent school because Sophia B. Packard and Harriet E. Giles knew that the literacy of African American women was important!
All in all Going Against the Grain describes how African Americans proved society wrong by becoming literate citizens of America. We not only survived slavery but also affected the world with our literate movement.
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